View from Jabal Husainiyya towards Diocletian's camp and Allat-temple

View from Jabal Husainiyya towards Diocletian’s camp and Allat-temple

Archaeological objects, ar-Raqqa Museum

Archaeological objects, ar-Raqqa Museum

ar-Rusafa -interior view- North Gate of the basilica

ar-Rusafa -interior view- North Gate of the basilica

Big stairs lead to the upper floor, Royal Palace G, Ebla (Tall Mardikh)

Big stairs lead to the upper floor, Royal Palace G, Ebla (Tall Mardikh)

Twisted column - The Great Colonnade at Afamiya

Twisted column – The Great Colonnade at Afamiya

Afamiya, Architectural component with showing ionic elements

Afamiya, Architectural component with showing ionic elements

Jamiʿ al-Utrush, prayer hall

Jamiʿ al-Utrush, prayer hall

Colossal basalt lion found in 1955 in ʿAyn Dara

Colossal basalt lion found in 1955 in ʿAyn Dara

A side of al-Mudiq castle

A side of al-Mudiq castle

Part of the remains of Najm Castle (Qalʿat Najm)

Part of the remains of Najm Castle (Qalʿat Najm)

Jamiʿ at-Tawashi, east facade - one of the two columns which frame a window

Jamiʿ at-Tawashi, east facade – one of the two columns which frame a window

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, Corinthian capital

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, Corinthian capital

The entrance into the castle of al-Marqab is framed by a stepped portal

The entrance into the castle of al-Marqab is framed by a stepped portal

Monastery of St Simeon, Corinthian capitals decorated with wavy acanthus leaves

Monastery of St Simeon, Corinthian capitals decorated with wavy acanthus leaves

A general scene showing some of the ruins of Palmyra and the Castle Ibn Maʿn

A general scene showing some of the ruins of Palmyra and the Castle Ibn Maʿn

Tetrapylon and Colonnaded Street, 3rd century AD

Tetrapylon and Colonnaded Street, 3rd century AD

Bayt Junblat, courtyard and northern iwan

Bayt Junblat, courtyard and northern iwan

Bayt Dallal, geometrical floor design in front of the iwan

Bayt Dallal, geometrical floor design in front of the iwan

Bayt Junblat, southern Iwan - decoration detail of marble and ceramic tiles

Bayt Junblat, southern Iwan – decoration detail of marble and ceramic tiles

Bayt Dallal, decorated stone of the well

Bayt Dallal, decorated stone of the well

Bayt Dallal, iwan ceiling and canopy

Bayt Dallal, iwan ceiling and canopy

Bayt Dallal, courtyard and fountain

Bayt Dallal, courtyard and fountain

Bayt Ghazala, ʿajami panels decorating the southern wing ceiling in the main hall (qaʿa)

Bayt Ghazala, ʿajami panels decorating the southern wing ceiling in the main hall (qaʿa)

Bayt Ghazala, courtyard - northern facade

Bayt Ghazala, courtyard – northern facade

Bayt Junblat, southern iwan (the great iwan)

Bayt Junblat, southern iwan (the great iwan)

Busra, the Roman theater stage is surrounded by the Islamic citadel

Busra, the Roman theater stage is surrounded by the Islamic citadel

Afamiya, twisted and fluted columns of the central section of the Great Colonnade

Afamiya, twisted and fluted columns of the central section of the Great Colonnade

Afamiya, Remains of the Great Colonnade

Afamiya, Remains of the Great Colonnade

Hadrian’s Arch, 3rd c. AD

Hadrian’s Arch, 3rd c. AD

Damage pattern, anthropogenic impact on sandstone, Karnak Temple, Luxor, Egypt

Fig. 62, Catalogue of Damage